Ukongeza kwizinto zenkqubo, ezinye izinto zenkqubo yokudibanisa, ezinje ngobukhulu bomngxuma kunye nobukhulu besithuba, i-angle yokuthambekela kwe-electrode kunye ne-workpiece, kunye nendawo yendawo yejoyinti, nazo zinokuchaphazela ukwakheka kwe-weld kunye nobukhulu be-weld.
Impembelelo ye-Welding Current kwi-Weld Formation
Phantsi kweemeko ezithile, njengoko umsinga we-arc welding usanda, ubunzulu bokungena kunye nokuqiniswa komthungo we-weld buyanda, kwaye ububanzi be-weld buyanda kancinci. Izizathu zezi zilandelayo:
1) Njengoko umsinga wokufaka i-welding we-arc welding usanda, amandla e-arc asebenza kwi-weldment ayanda, ubushushu be-arc kwi-weldment buyanda, kwaye indawo yomthombo wobushushu iyehla, nto leyo evumela ukuba ubushushu buhambe kwicala lobunzulu ledama elinyibilikisiweyo kwaye yonyusa ubunzulu bokungena. Ubunzulu bokungena bulingana nomsinga wokufaka i-welding. Ubunzulu bokungena kwe-weld H bulingana ne-Km × I. Kwifomyula, i-Km yi-penetration coefficient (inani leemilimitha apho ubunzulu bokungena kwe-weld buyanda xa umsinga wokufaka i-welding unyuswa nge-100 A), enxulumene nendlela ye-arc welding, ububanzi bentambo, uhlobo lomsinga, njl. njengoko kubonisiwe kwiTheyibhile 1-1.
| iindlela zokuwelda i-arc | ububanzi be-electrode/mm | umsinga wokuwelda/A | i-voltage/V | isantya sokuwelda/mh-1 | i-coefficient yokungena/m m-100A-1 |
ukuwelda kwe-argon ye-tungsten arc | 3.2 | 100~350 | 10~16 | 6~18 | 0.8~1.8 |
| | I-1.6 nozzle aperture | 50~100 | 20~26 | 10~60 | 1.2~2 |
| 3.4 umngxuma womlomo | 220~300 | 28~36 | 18~30 | 1.5~2.4 |
ukuwelda kwe-arc engaphantsi komhlaba | 2 | 200~700 | 32~40 | 15~100 | 1.0~1.7 |
| 5 | 450~1200 | 34~44 | 30~60 | 0.7~1.3 |
ukuwelda kwe-argon arc electrode ye-fusion | 1.2~2.4 | 210~550 | 24~42 | 40~120 | 1.5~1.8 |
| Ukuwelda kwe-CO2 | 0.8~1.6 | 70~300 | 16~23 | 30~150 | 0.8~1.2 |
| 2~4 | 500~900 | 35~45 | 40~80 | |
Itheyibhile 1-1 I-Melting depth coefficient Km kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuwelda ze-arc kunye neeparamitha (intsimbi yokuwelda)
2) Isantya sokunyibilika kwe-welding core okanye i-welding wire kwi-arc welding silingana nomsinga wokunyibilika. Ekubeni ukwanda komsinga wokunyibilika kwi-arc welding kukhokelela ekwandeni kwesantya sokunyibilika kwe-welding wire, ubungakanani be-welding wire melted buyanda malunga ngokulinganayo, ngelixa ububanzi be-weld bunyuka kancinci, ngoko ke ukuqina kwe-weld kuyanda.
3) Emva kokuba umsinga we-welding unyuke, ububanzi bekholamu ye-arc buyanda. Nangona kunjalo, ubunzulu apho i-arc ingena khona kwindawo yokusebenza buyanda, kwaye uluhlu lokuhamba kwendawo ye-arc lulinganiselwe. Ke ngoko, ukwanda kobubanzi be-weld kuncinci kakhulu.
Kwi-gas-shielded metal inert gas welding (MIG), xa i-welding current isanda, ubunzulu bokungena kwe-weld buyanda. Ukuba i-welding current inkulu kakhulu kwaye uxinano lwangoku luphezulu kakhulu, ukungena okufana neminwe kunokwenzeka, ingakumbi xa i-aluminium idityaniswa.
Impembelelo ye-arc voltage ekwakhiweni kwe-weld
Phantsi kweemeko ezithile, xa i-voltage ye-arc inyuswa, amandla e-arc ayanda, kwaye ukufakelwa kobushushu kwi-weldment nako kuyanda. Nangona kunjalo, ukunyuka kwe-voltage ye-arc kufezekiswa ngokwandisa ubude be-arc. Ukwanda kobude be-arc kukhokelela ekwandeni kwe-radius yomthombo wobushushu be-arc kunye nokwanda kokuchithwa kobushushu be-arc. Ngenxa yoko, ukufakelwa kwamandla kwi-weldment kuncipha, ngoko ke ubunzulu bokungena buyancipha kancinci ngelixa ububanzi be-weld bead buyanda. Kwangaxeshanye, ekubeni umsinga we-welding uhlala ungatshintshanga kwaye ubungakanani bokunyibilika kwentambo ye-welding bungatshintshi, ukuqina kwe-weld bead kuyancipha.
Kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuwelda i-arc, ukufumana ukwakheka kwe-weld okufanelekileyo, oko kukuthi, ukugcina i-coefficient efanelekileyo yokudalwa kwe-weld φ. Ngelixa kunyusa umsinga wokuwelda, i-voltage ye-arc kufuneka inyuswe ngokufanelekileyo. Kufuneka ukuba i-voltage ye-arc kunye nomsinga wokuwelda zibe nobudlelwane obufanelekileyo bokufanisa. Oku kuxhaphake kakhulu kwi-electrode arc welding enokutyiwa.
Impembelelo yesantya sokuwelda ekwakhiweni kwe-weld
Phantsi kweemeko ezithile, ukonyusa isantya sokuwelda kuya kukhokelela ekunciphiseni ubushushu bokufaka i-welding, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa ububanzi be-weld bead kunye nokungena kwayo. Ekubeni ubungakanani bentsimbi yentsimbi egciniweyo ngobude beyunithi nganye ye-weld bulingana ngokuphambeneyo nesantya sokuwelda, kukwakhokelela ekunciphiseni ukuqina kwe-weld bead.
Isantya sokuwelda sisalathisi esibalulekileyo sokuvavanya imveliso yokuwelda. Ukuphucula imveliso yokuwelda, isantya sokuwelda kufuneka sonyuswe. Nangona kunjalo, ukuqinisekisa ubungakanani bokuwelda obufunekayo kuyilo lwesakhiwo, ngelixa kwandiswa isantya sokuwelda, umsinga wokuwelda kunye ne-voltage ye-arc kufuneka zonyuswe ngokufanelekileyo. Ezi zixa zintathu zihambelana. Kwangaxeshanye, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ukuba xa kwandiswa umsinga wokuwelda, i-voltage ye-arc, kunye nesantya sokuwelda (oko kukuthi, kusetyenziswa i-arc yokuwelda enamandla aphezulu kunye ne-voltage ye-welding ephezulu), iziphene zokuwelda ezifana nokunqunyulwa okungaphantsi kunye nokuqhekeka zinokwenzeka ngexesha lokwenziwa kwechibi elinyibilikisiweyo kunye nenkqubo yokuqina kwechibi elinyibilikisiweyo. Ke ngoko, ukwanda kwesantya sokuwelda kulinganiselwe.
Impembelelo yohlobo lwangoku lwe-welding kunye ne-polarity kunye nobukhulu be-electrode ekwakhiweni kwe-weld
1. Iintlobo kunye nee-polarities ze-welding current
Iintlobo zombane welding zahlulwe zibe yi-direct current kunye ne-alternating current. Phakathi kwazo, i-direct current arc welding yahlulwe ibe yi-constant direct current kunye ne-pulsed direct current ngokwe-content pulse; yahlulwe yaba yi-direct current positive connection (i-weldment iqhagamshelwe kwi-positive) kunye ne-direct current reverse connection (i-weldment iqhagamshelwe kwi-negative) ngokwe-polarity. I-alternating current arc welding yahlulwe yaba yi-sine wave alternating current kunye ne-square wave alternating current ngokwe-current waveforms ezahlukeneyo. Uhlobo kunye ne-polarity ye-welding current inokuchaphazela ubungakanani bokufaka ubushushu ukusuka kwi-arc ukuya kwi-weldment, ngoko ke inokuchaphazela ukwakheka kwe-weld. Kwangaxeshanye, inokuchaphazela nenkqubo yokudlulisa amaconsi kunye nokususwa kwefilimu ye-oxide kumphezulu wesinyithi esisisiseko.
Xa i-tungsten inert gas arc welding isetyenziselwa ukuwelda izinto zesinyithi ezifana nentsimbi kunye ne-titanium, ukungena kwe-weld kunzulu kakhulu xa i-direct current iqhagamshelwe kwicala elihle, ukungena kwe-deep yeyona ingaphantsi xa i-direct current iqhagamshelwe kwicala elingasemva, kwaye i-alternating current iphakathi kwezi zimbini. Ekubeni i-weld penetration inzulu kakhulu xa i-direct current iqhagamshelwe kwicala elihle kwaye i-tungsten electrode inokulahleka okuncinci kokutsha, uqhagamshelo oluchanekileyo lwe-current positive kufuneka lusetyenziswe xa i-tungsten inert gas arc welding isetyenziselwa ukuwelda izinto zesinyithi ezifana nentsimbi kunye ne-titanium. Xa i-pulsed direct current welding isetyenziswa kwi-tungsten inert gas arc welding, ekubeni iiparameter ze-pulse zinokulungiswa, ubungakanani bokwakheka kwe-weld bunokulawulwa njengoko kufuneka. Xa i-tungsten inert gas arc welding isetyenziselwa ukuwelda i-aluminium, i-magnesium, kunye nee-alloys zazo, kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa isiphumo sokucoca i-cathode se-arc ukucoca ifilimu ye-oxide kumphezulu wesinyithi esisisiseko. I-Alternating current ingcono. Ekubeni iiparameter ze-waveform ze-square wave alternating current zinokulungiswa, isiphumo se-welding singcono.
Kwi-gas metal arc welding, xa i-direct current iqhagamshelwe ngasemva, ukungena kwe-weld kunye nobubanzi be-weld zombini zinkulu kunezo kwimeko yoqhagamshelo oluchanekileyo lwamandla akhoyo ngqo. Ukungena kunye nobubanzi be-alternating current welding ziphakathi kwezi zimbini. Ke ngoko, kwi-indened arc welding, uqhagamshelo oluchanekileyo lwamandla akhoyo ngokubanzi lusetyenziswa ukufumana ukungena okukhulu; ngelixa kwi-indened arc surfacing welding, uqhagamshelo oluchanekileyo lwamandla akhoyo ngqo lusetyenziswa ukunciphisa ukungena. Kwi-gas metal arc welding enegesi yokukhusela, ekubeni uqhagamshelo oluqondile lwamandla akhoyo alunabunzulu bokungena obukhulu kuphela, kodwa nenkqubo yokudlulisa i-welding arc kunye ne-droplet zizinzile ngakumbi kunezo zikwi-direct current positive connection kunye ne-alternating current, kwaye inefuthe lokucoca i-cathode, isetyenziswa kakhulu. Uqhagamshelo oluchanekileyo lwamandla akhoyo ngqo kunye ne-alternating current ngokubanzi azisetyenziswa.
2. Impembelelo yesimo sencam ye-tungsten electrode, ububanzi bentambo yokuwelda kunye nobude bolwandiso
I-engile kunye nemilo yesiphelo esingaphambili se-tun, i-gsten electrode zinempembelelo enkulu kuxinzelelo lwe-arc kunye ne-arc. Zifanele zikhethwe ngokwe-welding current kunye nobukhulu be-workpiece. Ngokubanzi, okukhona i-arc ixinene ngakumbi kwaye uxinzelelo lwe-arc lukhulu, kokukhona ubunzulu bokungena obubunjiweyo bukhulu, ngelixa ububanzi be-weld buncipha ngokufanayo.
Kwi-gas metal arc welding, xa umsinga we-welding ungaguquguquki, kokukhona i-welding wire incipha, kokukhona i-arc heating ixinene, ubunzulu bokungena buyanda, kwaye ububanzi be-weld buyehla. Nangona kunjalo, xa ukhetha ububanzi be-welding wire kwiiprojekthi zokwenyani ze-welding, ubukhulu bangoku kunye ne-weld pool morphology nazo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ukuze kuthintelwe ukwakheka kwe-weld okubi.
Xa ubude bolwandiso lwentambo kwi-gas metal arc welding buyanda, ubushushu bokumelana obuveliswa ngumsinga we-welding odlula kwinxalenye ende yentambo buyanda, nto leyo eyenza isantya sokunyibilika kwentambo sinyuke. Ke ngoko, ukuqina kwe-weld kuyanda, ngelixa ubunzulu bokungena buncipha kancinci. Ngenxa yokumelana okukhulu kweentambo zentsimbi ze-welding, impembelelo yobude bolwandiso lwentambo ekubunjweni kwe-weld icacile xa i-welding ngentsimbi kunye neentambo ezincinci. Ukumelana kweentambo ze-aluminium welding kuncinci, ngoko ke impembelelo yayo ayibalulekanga. Nangona ukwandisa ubude bolwandiso lwentambo kunokuphucula i-coefficient yokunyibilika kwentambo, xa ucinga ngokubanzi ngemiba yokuzinza kwentambo kunye nokwakheka kwe-weld, kukho uluhlu lokwahluka oluvumelekileyo lobude bolwandiso lwentambo.
Impembelelo yezinye izinto zenkqubo kwizinto zokwakheka kwe-weld
Ukongeza kwezi zinto zenkqubo zingasentla, ezinye izinto zenkqubo yokudibanisa, ezinje ngobukhulu bomngxuma kunye nobukhulu besithuba, i-angle yokuthambekela kwe-electrode kunye ne-workpiece, kunye nendawo yendawo yejoyinti, nazo zinokuchaphazela ukwakheka kwe-weld kunye nobukhulu be-weld.
1. Umngxuma kunye nomsantsa
Xa kudityaniswa amaqhuqhuva ngee-arc welding zombane, kudla ngokugqitywa ukuba kufuneka kugcinwe isithuba, ubungakanani besithuba kunye nohlobo lomngxuma ovulekileyo ngokwesixa sepleyiti yokuwelda. Phantsi kwezinye iimeko ezithile, okukhona ubukhulu bomngxuma okanye umngxuma mkhulu, kokukhona kuncitshiswa i-weld weld, elingana nokuwa kwesikhundla se-weld. Ngeli xesha, umlinganiselo wokudibanisa uyancipha. Ke ngoko, ukushiya isithuba okanye ukuvula umngxuma kungasetyenziselwa ukulawula ubungakanani bokuqinisa nokulungisa umlinganiselo wokudibanisa. Xa kuthelekiswa nokushiya isithuba kunye nokungashiyi isithuba kunye nokuvula umngxuma, iimeko zokusasaza ubushushu zezi zimbini zahlukile kancinci. Ngokubanzi, iimeko zekristale zokuvula umngxuma zilungile ngakumbi.
2. Ukuthambekela kwe-electrode (ucingo lokuwelda)
Ngexesha lokuwelda nge-arc, ngokwendlela edibene ngayo indlela yokuthambekela kwe-electrode kunye nendlela yokuwelda, yahlulwe yaba ziintlobo ezimbini: ukuthambekela kwe-electrode phambili kunye nokuthambekela kwe-electrode emva. Xa ucingo lokuwelda luthambekile, i-arc axis nayo iyathambekele ngokufanelekileyo. Xa ucingo lokuwelda luthambekele phambili, isiphumo samandla e-arc ekukhupheni isinyithi sedama elinyibilikisiweyo sibuyela umva siyaba buthathaka. Umaleko wesinyithi olwelo ezantsi kwechibi elinyibilikisiweyo uba mkhulu, ubunzulu bokungena buyancipha, ubunzulu apho i-arc ingena khona kwi-weldment buyancipha, uluhlu lokuhamba kwendawo ye-arc luyandiswa, ububanzi be-weld buyandiswa, kwaye ukuqina kuyancitshiswa. Okukhona i-angle yokuthambekela phambili incinci α yocingo lokuwelda, kokukhona le mpembelelo icaca ngakumbi. Xa ucingo lokuwelda luthambekele umva, imeko iyahluka. Kwi-welding ye-arc yesinyithi esikhuselweyo, indlela yokuthambekela kwe-electrode emva iyasetyenziswa kakhulu, kwaye i-angle yokuthambekela α phakathi kwama-65° nama-80° ifanelekile.
3. Ukuthambekela kwenxalenye yokuwelda
Ukuthambekela kokuwelda kudla ngokufunyanwa kwimveliso yokwenyani kwaye kunokwahlulwahlulwa kube kukuwelda okunyukayo kunye nokuwelda okuhlayo. Ngeli xesha, phantsi kwesenzo somxhuzulane, isinyithi sedama elinyibilikisiweyo sidla ngokuhla ecaleni kwethambeka. Kwi-welding yokunyukayo, umxhuzulane unceda ukukhupha isinyithi sedama elinyibilikisiweyo ukuya emsileni wedama elinyibilikisiweyo, ngoko ke ukungena kunzulu, ububanzi be-weld bumxinwa, kwaye ukuqina kuphezulu. Xa i-angle yokunyuka i-α iphakathi kwe-6° ne-12°, ukuqina kukhulu kakhulu, kwaye ukunqunyulwa kwenziwa lula kumacala omabini. Kwi-welding yokuhlayo, esi siphumo sithintela isinyithi sedama elinyibilikisiweyo ukuba singakhutshelwa emsileni wedama elinyibilikisiweyo. I-arc ayinakufudumeza kakhulu isinyithi ezantsi kwedama elinyibilikisiweyo, ukungena kuyancipha, uluhlu oluhambayo lwendawo ye-arc luyandiswa, ububanzi be-weld buyandiswa, kwaye ukuqina kuyancitshiswa. Ukuba i-angle yokuthambekela kokuwelda inkulu kakhulu, kuya kukhokelela ekungeneni ngokwaneleyo kunye nokugcwala kwesinyithi sedama elinyibilikisiweyo.
4. Izinto zokuwelda kunye nobukhulu
Ukungena kwe-Weld kunxulumene nomsinga we-welding kunye nokuqhuba kwe-thermal kunye nomthamo wobushushu we-volumetric wezinto. Okukhona ukuqhubela kwe-thermal kwezixhobo kubhetele kwaye umthamo wobushushu we-volumetric uphezulu, kokukhona kufuneka ubushushu obuninzi ukuze kunyibilike umthamo weyunithi yesinyithi kwaye kunyuswe ubushushu ngomlinganiselo ofanayo. Ke ngoko, phantsi kwezinye iimeko ezifana nomsinga we-welding, ubunzulu bokungena kunye nobubanzi be-weld buya kuncipha. Okukhona uxinano okanye i-viscosity yolwelo lwezinto, kokukhona kunzima ukuba i-arc isuse isinyithi sedama elinyibilikisiweyo elilulwelo, kwaye kokukhona ukungena kwe-weld kungaphantsi. Ubukhulu benxalenye ehlanganisiweyo buchaphazela ukuhanjiswa kobushushu ngaphakathi kwenxalenye ehlanganisiweyo. Xa ezinye iimeko zifana, njengoko ubukhulu benxalenye ehlanganisiweyo bukhula, ukusasazwa kobushushu kuyanda, kwaye zombini ububanzi be-weld kunye nobunzulu bokungena buyancipha.
5. I-Flux, i-electrode coating kunye negesi yokukhusela
Ulwakhiwo olwahlukeneyo lwee-fluxes okanye ii-electrode coatings zikhokelela ekuweni kwee-voltage ezahlukeneyo kwiindawo ze-electrode ze-arc kunye nee-gradients ezahlukeneyo ezinokubakho zekholamu ye-arc, nto leyo eya kuchaphazela ngokungenakuphepheka ukwakheka kwe-weld. Xa i-flux inobunzima obuphantsi, ubungakanani obukhulu be-particle, okanye ukuphakama okuncinci kwe-stacking, uxinzelelo olujikeleze i-arc luphantsi, ikholamu ye-arc iyakhula, kwaye indawo ye-arc inoluhlu olukhulu lokuhamba. Ke ngoko, ukungena kuncinci, ububanzi be-weld bukhulu, kwaye ukuqina kuncinci. Xa i-arc welding enamandla aphezulu isetyenziselwa ukuwelda izinto zokusebenza ezixineneyo, ukusebenzisa i-flux efana ne-pumice kunokunciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-arc, ukunciphisa ukungena, kunye nokwandisa ububanzi be-weld. Ukongeza, i-welding slag kufuneka ibe ne-viscosity efanelekileyo kunye nobushushu bokunyibilika. Ukuba i-viscosity iphezulu kakhulu okanye ubushushu bokunyibilika buphezulu, i-slag iya kuba nomoya ophantsi, kwaye kulula ukwenza iindawo ezininzi ezixineneyo kumphezulu we-weld, okubangela ukwakheka komphezulu we-weld ongalunganga.
Ulwakhiwo lweegesi zokukhusela i-arc welding (ezifana ne-Ar, He, N2, CO2) zahlukile, kwaye iipropati zazo zomzimba ezifana nokuqhuba kobushushu nazo zahlukile. Oku kwenza ukwehla kwe-voltage yengingqi ye-polar ye-arc kunye ne-gradient enokubakho yekholamu ye-arc, i-conductive cross-section yekholamu ye-arc, amandla okuhamba kwe-plasma, kunye nokusasazwa kobushushu obuthile kwahlukile. Zonke ezi zinto zichaphazela ukwakheka kwe-weld seams.
Ngamafutshane, kukho izinto ezininzi ezichaphazela ukwakheka kwe-weld. Ukuze ufumane ukwakheka kwe-weld okuhle, kuyimfuneko ukukhetha iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuwelda kunye neemeko zokuwelda zokuwelda ngokwezinto kunye nobukhulu benxalenye eweldiweyo, indawo ye-weld, imo yejoyinti, iimeko zokusebenza, iimfuno zokusebenza kwejoyinti kunye nobukhulu be-weld. Kwangaxeshanye, eyona nto ibalulekileyo yindlela umwelda ajongana ngayo nokuwelda! Ngaphandle koko, ukwakheka kwe-weld kunye nokusebenza kwayo kusenokungahlangabezani neemfuno, kwaye neempazamo ezahlukeneyo zokuwelda zinokuvela.
